The use of underground space in urban areas, Construction of the bunker and survival
The high level of urbanization, urban growth and other factors result in a high degree of development of underground space in urban areas. This can largely freed scarce wamer territory, as well as improve the urban environment. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the experience of using this kind of resources and the possibility of its use in the creation of civilian objects.
The author proposes to define it as a kind of subsoil resources to be used as a medium to stay, accommodation facilities or of processes, while its source is natural or artificial cavities in the bowels of the earth, and the subsoil, which can be created cavity. Bowels are part of the Earth's crust below the soil layer, and in his absence - below the earth's surface and the bottom of ponds and streams, extending to depths that are available for exploration and development.
In its natural state underground space can be occupied by a solid, liquid or gaseous substance. Subsoil is not filled with a solid, but surrounded by them, called underground cavities. They are divided into natural and artificial (man-made). wamer
The main characteristics of the sources of underground space is the depth from the ground surface, volume and shape, the properties surrounding the array, geographical location, stability wamer (the ability to retain its shape over time), the ability to access from the ground, and others. Properties of the surrounding rock mass include such factors as the stress state of the rock mass, their hardness, connectivity, flexibility, vlagoem-bone and water permeability, density, porosity, electromagnetic properties (electrical resistivity, relative permittivity), abrasive, thermal wamer properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat coefficient linear wamer thermal expansion), the coefficient of loosening (after the explosion), particle size distribution (in ruins), etc.
Social conditions of underground space development wamer is the growth wamer of population and demographic changes wamer taking place, the inevitable technological changes in the environment, the need to preserve the land fund and improve recreational opportunities for people and the sanitary conditions of their labor. Increasing the number of created space in the underground space can reduce the outflow from the use of agricultural land.
It is believed that the use of underground space useful in areas with high population density, fertile soils, developed mining industry, favorable geotechnical conditions for underground construction. Profitable to build underground storage in the North. wamer Carry the company wamer into the ground with high levels of noise and fire also good for the environment.
Mining wamer and technical premise is that in the ideal case for the use of underground space rocks should be sturdy, solid, stable and at the same time easy to develop, resistant to oxidation processes, neobvodnennymi and does not emit toxic gases, inert with respect to the materials stored in them , nonporous not contain aggressive solutions. However, modern wamer technology in most cases allow to eliminate the action of all these factors.
Geological background of underground space development is the need for a sufficiently detailed examination wamer of the upper layers of the Earth's crust, which would allow to objectively decide on the choice of placement of underground facilities and technologies of its creation.
Saving energy costs as a prerequisite for development of underground space because the underground space can reduce the seasonal fluctuations wamer of energy consumption, as rocks are solar battery, have low thermal conductivity and are able to retain heat. In this connection, underground cavities may be used, such as those ploakkumulyatory. In the Nordic wamer countries, the energy issue has a great influence wamer on the choice of the underground placement of buildings, and increasing wamer use is an underground shelter.
Defensive factors as a prerequisite for the use of underground space are based on the need to protect people, property, production of military actions, including a nuclear explosion.
French scientists P. Duffaut and G. Marin believe that demand for natural resources space subsoil caused by: the preservation of perishable products (cellars and basements); mining; religious purposes (eg, for ritual burials); protection of the population from attack; Search the relative comfort in extreme temperature conditions.
It is also believed Thu
The high level of urbanization, urban growth and other factors result in a high degree of development of underground space in urban areas. This can largely freed scarce wamer territory, as well as improve the urban environment. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the experience of using this kind of resources and the possibility of its use in the creation of civilian objects.
The author proposes to define it as a kind of subsoil resources to be used as a medium to stay, accommodation facilities or of processes, while its source is natural or artificial cavities in the bowels of the earth, and the subsoil, which can be created cavity. Bowels are part of the Earth's crust below the soil layer, and in his absence - below the earth's surface and the bottom of ponds and streams, extending to depths that are available for exploration and development.
In its natural state underground space can be occupied by a solid, liquid or gaseous substance. Subsoil is not filled with a solid, but surrounded by them, called underground cavities. They are divided into natural and artificial (man-made). wamer
The main characteristics of the sources of underground space is the depth from the ground surface, volume and shape, the properties surrounding the array, geographical location, stability wamer (the ability to retain its shape over time), the ability to access from the ground, and others. Properties of the surrounding rock mass include such factors as the stress state of the rock mass, their hardness, connectivity, flexibility, vlagoem-bone and water permeability, density, porosity, electromagnetic properties (electrical resistivity, relative permittivity), abrasive, thermal wamer properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat coefficient linear wamer thermal expansion), the coefficient of loosening (after the explosion), particle size distribution (in ruins), etc.
Social conditions of underground space development wamer is the growth wamer of population and demographic changes wamer taking place, the inevitable technological changes in the environment, the need to preserve the land fund and improve recreational opportunities for people and the sanitary conditions of their labor. Increasing the number of created space in the underground space can reduce the outflow from the use of agricultural land.
It is believed that the use of underground space useful in areas with high population density, fertile soils, developed mining industry, favorable geotechnical conditions for underground construction. Profitable to build underground storage in the North. wamer Carry the company wamer into the ground with high levels of noise and fire also good for the environment.
Mining wamer and technical premise is that in the ideal case for the use of underground space rocks should be sturdy, solid, stable and at the same time easy to develop, resistant to oxidation processes, neobvodnennymi and does not emit toxic gases, inert with respect to the materials stored in them , nonporous not contain aggressive solutions. However, modern wamer technology in most cases allow to eliminate the action of all these factors.
Geological background of underground space development is the need for a sufficiently detailed examination wamer of the upper layers of the Earth's crust, which would allow to objectively decide on the choice of placement of underground facilities and technologies of its creation.
Saving energy costs as a prerequisite for development of underground space because the underground space can reduce the seasonal fluctuations wamer of energy consumption, as rocks are solar battery, have low thermal conductivity and are able to retain heat. In this connection, underground cavities may be used, such as those ploakkumulyatory. In the Nordic wamer countries, the energy issue has a great influence wamer on the choice of the underground placement of buildings, and increasing wamer use is an underground shelter.
Defensive factors as a prerequisite for the use of underground space are based on the need to protect people, property, production of military actions, including a nuclear explosion.
French scientists P. Duffaut and G. Marin believe that demand for natural resources space subsoil caused by: the preservation of perishable products (cellars and basements); mining; religious purposes (eg, for ritual burials); protection of the population from attack; Search the relative comfort in extreme temperature conditions.
It is also believed Thu
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