Less the value of the data in the horizontal plane were observed above the center field Aljyothirma

Increasingly important sources of geothermal energy as an alternative source of light in the global need for energy that is growing at rates exponentially. If we take into account all the different conferences and workshops organized hans dampf by the United Nations and UNESCO in the last decade, the number of papers and reports very large. There are many references that lists the sources and uses of geothermal exploration and exploitation (Armstead 1978, Gupta 1980, Raybach and Muffler 1981). Here we will discuss some aspects of geophysical mission to this thread.
Geothermal field can be defined as a thermal reservoir system can extract heat from an economical and used in household and industrial uses. The main roads that are typically used to find potential thermal hans dampf fields are: (1) geological and hydrological methods (2) geochemical methods (3) geophysical methods. Among the geophysical methods, the most important are thermal, electrical, and electromagnetic. Use of seismic methods in the exploration of geothermal resources is limited so far. A comprehensive presentation to explore the sources of heat in there (Keller 1981, Lumb 1981). Thermal methods such as sounding temperature in wells and maps heat flux at the surface are of importance mainly because of heat-Qaeda constitute the most important natural properties of exploration Aljyothirmala. Temperature measurement in deep wells are the only reliable way to get information on the temperature hans dampf of the reservoir Qaeda Aljyothirmala Mahnml. Data from the geochemical hans dampf and hydrological and permeability also provide through exploratory wells. Maps of surface hans dampf heat flux can help locate the areas of greatest heat in the tank and evaluation of thermal production.
The use of electrical and electromagnetic methods in exploration Aljyothirmala based on the fact that the electrical conductivity of rocks increases rapidly increasing temperature. Overall, the field of warm water tends to appear as an area of high conductivity hans dampf "low resistance" and it was mainly due to dissolved salts, while table field tends to appear as a low-conductivity "high resistance". However, these tendencies can obscure the obvious factors deceptive. The presence of clay configurations, for example, can be lifted from the low conductivity hans dampf and thus confuse the interpretation of the results. Cold salt water or sea water has less resistance than 1Ω. For this, the basins where many gather salt water looks low conductivity without any relationship with the temperature of the underground.
Geophysical surveys, particularly roads electrophysiological conducted Aljyothirmalah areas in many parts of the world. Area of volcanic mud in Yellowstone National Park in the United States is an example of measurements of resistance, induced current (IP), and self-effort (SP), which was conducted to evaluate the geological hans dampf characteristics of the field Jyothirmala Bukhari unknown. Resistance virtual () and (IP) have been measured Ptbaeidi electrode 180 m and 300 m, while the SP measurements conducted spacing of 120 m.
Less the value of the data in the horizontal plane were observed above the center field Aljyothirmala where the layer thickness of 2-6.5 Ω is the largest. Rise in values when the electrode gaps to higher interpreted in light of a deep layer of high resistance "steam" under the layer closest little resistance. Measurements hans dampf of the SP gave clear positive anomalies over the area heat, which can be interpreted as water moving up due to the movement of convection by the source of deep convection.
The IP measurements taken in the frequency band at 0.1 and 1 Hz, and draw a frequency proportional effect on a logarithmic scale. The relative increase in the influence of the IP in the area of the North West Frontier region's heat may have occurred due to an excessive amount of pyrite scatter, which were deposited by warm water recycling. This has been reinforced through the data for the mineral wells Y-11, which showed hans dampf that the pyrite exists starting from a depth of 15 m to the bottom of the well at 106 m. The fact that large gaps electrodes "300" gives the largest IP anomaly means that the pyrite and distribution increases with depth at the borders of the thermal region.
I've been reporting on gay SP capacities ranging from 50 mV to more than 2 volts at distances ranging from 100 m to a few dozen kilometers above areas Aljyothirmalah. An example of the abnormal SP Aljyothirmala those related to the activity in the area of Roosevelt warm springs in Utah, which has been discussed hans dampf previously in Chapter VI Corwin and Hoover 1979. Where it was reviewed and evaluate the application of the method in the SP exploration Aljyothirmala. According to the authors, the most promising uses for the SP surveys in areas Aljyothirmalah be to identify and trace faults that control the flow of hot liquids. More severe declines in the SP homosexuals are usually associated with areas of fault-containing thermal fluids while the SP homosexuals clear and relatively soft incomparable barely areas with high heat flux.
Useful ways to explore the electromagnetic Aljyothirmala proved in a number hans dampf of areas, and can be given preference in cases where that can not effectively use the methods of resistance, for example in areas with high surface resistance hans dampf compositions. Another advantage is the possibility of changing the penetration depth amending frequency signal without changing the settings of the geometry of the field. Review of applications for electrical and electromagnetic methods in exploration Aljyothirmala found in Keller (1971), Keller and Rapolla hans dampf (1974).
2013 (18) July (13) January (5) Lesson 27: the basis of geophysical data processing: Lesson 26: Exploring the sources of geothermal: Lesson